Es in retina, including activation of NF-B, upregulation of VEGF and TNF, leukostasis and vascular leakage (Iliaki et al., 2009). VEGF: VEGF is known to be a pro-inflammatory molecule whose vitreal levels are highly correlated with retinal neovascularization and edema. Intraocular delivery of anti-VEGF therapies are now used widely to treat advanced diabetic retinopathy (for a review see (Wirostko