D to zymosan focusing on a phagocytic cup. Numbers represent elapsed time (in minutes). For each time point, a bright-field overlay image and two fluorescent images electronically zoomed 2 are shown. Bar, 5 m. (B) Time-lapse confocal microscopy images of RAW 264.7 cells expressing YFP-G i2 (green) and RFP-Lifeact (red) and exposed to zymosan. Arrowheads indicate G i together with actin condensed a
D to zymosan focusing on a phagocytic cup. Numbers represent elapsed time (in minutes). For each time point, a bright-field overlay image and two fluorescent images electronically zoomed 2 are shown. Bar, 5 m. (B) Time-lapse confocal microscopy images of RAW 264.7 cells expressing YFP-G i2 (green) and RFP-Lifeact (red) and exposed to zymosan. Arrowheads indicate G i together with actin condensed a
Ing inhibitor yd47 prevents biofilm formation in vitro and OM in a guinea pig model.87 Macrolides and fluoroquinolones are the most effective antibiotics for disrupting biofilms in vitro.88 The sensitizing milk protein HAMLET increases the potency of antibiotics to both sensitive and resistant pneumococcal strains.89 Complement: Phosphoglycerate kinase and elongation factor Tu were shown to be pne
Ses (DUSPs; Lang et al., 2006; Jeffrey et al., 2007). DUSPs are regulated on many levels to ensure proper signaling through MAPKs, and MAPKs themselves can control DUSPs at the level of transcription and protein stability (Jeffrey et al., 2007). During L. pneumophila challenge of host cells, induction of the MAPK signaling pathway occurs through PRR signaling as well as by Icm/Dotdependent activit
Osteric agonism. In preparation for discussion of properties of allosteric systems, it is useful to define two general cooperative effects of modulators on 7TMRs. Considering agonism, the agonist will have an affinity for the receptor and also a value for intrinsic efficacy defining the power of that agonist to induce a defined response. These affinities and efficacies themselves are products of t
Sors for gene expression. The observed tightness may allow a balance of optimal membrane association and dissociation for such kinds of proteins. The only two signaling proteins that are less tightly associated with the membranes are CheW and Slr0302. The first is involved in the signaling of phototaxis and the second is a hypothetical proteins, neither one belongs to the two-component systems. In
Broad MudPIT/Halo Affinity Purification Mass Spectrometry (AP-MS) approach to map the network of proteins associated with the NF- B transcription factors, and establish TNIP2 as an NF- B network hub protein. We then combined AP-MS with biochemical approaches in a more focused study of truncated and mutated forms of TNIP2 to map protein associations with distinct regions of TNIP2. NF- B interacted
Positioning these proteins at the site of the developing exosporium (57, 58, 65?7). No such localization domain is present in the BxpB sequence. Therefore, my colleagues and I have proposed a model whereby BxpB is delivered to the spore by virtue of forming a complex with BclA and possibly, to a lesser extent, with other exosporium-targeting motif sequences (58). In keeping with this, we observed