Ses (DUSPs; Lang et al., 2006; Jeffrey et al., 2007). DUSPs are regulated on many levels to ensure proper signaling through MAPKs, and MAPKs themselves can control DUSPs at the level of transcription and protein stability (Jeffrey et al., 2007). During L. pneumophila challenge of host cells, induction of the MAPK signaling pathway occurs through PRR signaling as well as by Icm/Dotdependent activit