Otein roteininteractions or protein ipid interactions and the other was in the soluble space. The sizes of the pools for such proteins are determined by their rates of membrane-association and membrane-dissociation (Fig. 1A). If membrane-dissociation is faster than membrane-association, then the protein may have a larger soluble pool. Conversely, if membrane-dissociation is slower than membrane-as
Which we postulate initiates the retinopathy must develop locally in the retina. An example of this is that diabetes-induced increases in retinal vascular permeability and leukostasis were inhibited by blocking NF-B activation solely in glial cells (such as retinal Muller cells) (Bethea and Kern, unpublished). Since both of these measured parameters involve the retinal vasculature, this indicates
Lk) and cryptochrome (cry) genes. Because the accumulation of PDP1 is delayed relative to that of VRI, the rhythms of clk and cry activation are antiphase (peaking in early day) to those of per and tim. In addition the CLK/CYC heterodimer also activates transcription of the clockwork orange (cwo) gene. The CLOCKWORK ORANGE (CWO) protein, a basic helix-loop-helix (HLH) repressor, in turn targets th
Ttle, 1962). Unlike classic KS, this endemic KS often can be rapidly fatal and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and is now recognized as one of the leading cancers in African children with HIV (Bayley, 1984; Downing et al., 1984). Importantly, KS is also known to develop after organ transplantation (posttransplant or iatrogenic KS; Penn, 1983). The fact that the immunosuppre
A serious downside. Because the chromophore is released after every photoisomerization event, rhodopsin still keeps on releasing retinal chromophore even in daylight when rod photoreceptors are saturated and not functional for visual perception. Despite the fact that retinal can diffuse through membranes by itself, the high flux of retinal in the vertebrae photoreceptor cells during daytime can co
Gene transfer to skeletal muscle, as demonstrated by an 8-year study in hemophilic dogs and a detailed analysis in hemophilia B mice (Cao et al., 2009; Niemeyer et al., 2009). The divergent outcomes between muscle and liver gene transfer do not appear to be related to differences in innate responses due to TLR3 signaling (Cao and Herzog, 2008). Despite this, skeletal muscle gene transfer remains a