Ulate CNS inflammation at the level of the BBB. High levels of soluble CD40L in CSF and plasma of HIV-infected patients with cognitive impairment has been demonstrated as well. Exposure of primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) to CD40L increased the expression of adhesion molecules intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, which yielded a fourf
S, a link between CD40 and microglia has been established. Upregulation of CD40 expression has been detected on microglia of HIV-1-infected brain tissues [28]. CD40L was also shown to potentiate the ability of HIV-1 Tat to activate monocytes and microglia leading to the overproduction of inflammatory proteins such as cytokines and chemokines [122]. Furthermore HAART is unable to modulate blood bra
S, a link between CD40 and microglia has been established. Upregulation of CD40 expression has been detected on microglia of HIV-1-infected brain tissues [28]. CD40L was also shown to potentiate the ability of HIV-1 Tat to activate monocytes and microglia leading to the overproduction of inflammatory proteins such as cytokines and chemokines [122]. Furthermore HAART is unable to modulate blood bra
S, a link between CD40 and microglia has been established. Upregulation of CD40 expression has been detected on microglia of HIV-1-infected brain tissues [28]. CD40L was also shown to potentiate the ability of HIV-1 Tat to activate monocytes and microglia leading to the overproduction of inflammatory proteins such as cytokines and chemokines [122]. Furthermore HAART is unable to modulate blood bra