Ulate CNS inflammation at the level of the BBB. High levels of soluble CD40L in CSF and plasma of HIV-infected patients with cognitive impairment has been demonstrated as well. Exposure of primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) to CD40L increased the expression of adhesion molecules intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, which yielded a fourf