Ayers of polarized cellsc92 93Spontaneously differentiate in culture in polarized colonic cellsdAbbreviations: SI, sucrase-isomaltase; APN, aminopeptidase N; DPP IV, dipeptidylpeptidase IV; AP, alkaline phosphatase; CEACAMs, carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecules; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide; PAR2, protease-activated receptor 2; PEPT1, H /epycotransp
Edetomidine for 2A-adrenoceptors (Jansson et al., 1998). The selective stimulation of cellular pathways by different agonists acting through a single receptor been referred to by many names: stimulus trafficking (Kenakin, 1995a), functional dissociation (Whistler et al., 1999), biased agonism (Jarpe et al., 1998), biased inhibition (Kudlacek et al., 2002), differential engagement (Manning, 2002),
Edetomidine for 2A-adrenoceptors (Jansson et al., 1998). The selective stimulation of cellular pathways by different agonists acting through a single receptor been referred to by many names: stimulus trafficking (Kenakin, 1995a), functional dissociation (Whistler et al., 1999), biased agonism (Jarpe et al., 1998), biased inhibition (Kudlacek et al., 2002), differential engagement (Manning, 2002),
Res compared to monovalent cations) [363,364]. Owing to currently existing limitations in reducing the dimensions of organic electrochemical transistors below the micron-scale, their application in the field of nanotechnology is limited [365]. One example employing nanoscale transistors was work byCurr Opin Biotechnol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 June 23.Majd et al.PageMisra et al., w
Up, for instance, investigated the interaction of cationic polypeptides with the -barrel of the -hemolysin pore. In these experiments, increasing voltage and decreasing peptide length prolonged the duration of the interaction between the lumen of the pore and the peptide [290]. Recently, the Movileanu group determined that surface charges in the lumen of -hemolysin pores can result in electrostati
Help shed light on structural determinants of GPCR activity. More specifically, the use of G proteins to capture pathway-specific conformations could reveal binding opportunities associated with ligand trafficking in either the receptor's orthosteric domain or elsewhere on more accessible and less conserved regions of the GPCR. Furthermore, structures of protein complexes such as GPCR-G protein, G
Ility to select synaptic targets come from serial electron microscopy reconstruction studies. A reconstruction of an arbor from a retinal ganglion axon in the lateral geniculate nucleus revealed that it only selects 4 cells as synaptic partners from a total of 43 contacting cells (Hamos et al. 1987). A systematic survey of the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system showed that one out of six contac
C intervention. Such an expanded scope of options is both enticing and vexing from a drug discovery point of view, a paradox only magnified by our limited structural insights into the molecular mechanics of the GPCR superfamily. For nearly 30 years we have probed GPCRs through laborious mutagenesis and assay procedures in an attempt to distinguish the residues that are functionally important and t