Onal patents related to measurement of carbamylated albumin and therapy of carbamylation with amino acid scavengers have been filed by A.H.B., S.A.K., R.T., and their affiliated institutions. R.T. has served as a consultant to Fresenius Medical Care. Dr Kalim declares that he has no other relevant financial interests.Kalim et al.PageKeywords Carbamylation uremia posttranslational protein modificat