Ain lesions without Ab deposits. They include multiple sclerosis plaques [111] as well as lesions of adrenoleukodystrophy, DRPLA, and ischemic strokes [115]. Ab was also shown to induce CD40 expression by cultured microglia [116,117] and cultured vascular endothelial cells [116,118][118-120]. HIV-1 induces the latter phenomenon as well [121] It may be the mechanism by which CD40 expression is up-r