Recombinant HIV-1 viruses that express the luciferase reporter gene were generated by transfection of 293T cells using the calcium phosphate transfection method (Promega). Cells were seeded in 100-mm tissue culture dishes (approximately 46106 cells per dish) and transfected the next day with 10 mg of the HIV-1 packaging construct pCMVDP1DenvpA [50], 10 mg of the firefly luciferase-expressing const

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Vioral complications [66-69]. Microglia, as a major target of HIV-1 infection in the CNS, are typically a viral reservoir [70-72] and are also key in HIV-1 neuroinvasiveness-penetration into the CNS by the virus [72,73]. Most importantly, a discrepancy between the localization of HIV-infected cells and the severity of neurocognitive symptoms has been described [74-76]. Thus, other mechanisms secon

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Effects of novel therapies new insights into old medicationsImproved understanding of the interactions between 2GPI, aPL Abs and cell-surface molecules such as annexins has led to the development of a potential therapy by blocking binding of anti-2GPI Abs to 2GPI. Ioannou et al. were able to demonstrate the use of a recombinant domain I peptide, which effectively inhibits binding of anti-2GPI Ab

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Y in the IOs. The expression levels of 257 proteins (12.4 ) were either down- or up-regulated (122 and 135 proteins, respectively) in both IOs and OCs (relative to OPs), and 48 (29 and 19 proteins) showed a reversed direction of change between IOs and OCs (supplemental Fig. S5B). The most significant molecular and cellular functions of the 492 down-regulated proteins in the OCs relative to OPs inv