Surgery. Costs include fixed costs and functional costs. Fixed costs include medical equipment and certification of trained circumcisers. Functional costs, which are variable, include oversight and promotion (management, monitoring, communication and advertising), salaries of full-time medical practitioners, surgical staff and counselors (for each medical practitioner, we allocate 1 medical assist
Surgery. Costs include fixed costs and functional costs. Fixed costs include medical equipment and certification of trained circumcisers. Functional costs, which are variable, include oversight and promotion (management, monitoring, communication and advertising), salaries of full-time medical practitioners, surgical staff and counselors (for each medical practitioner, we allocate 1 medical assist
Ranscription units (Han et al., 2004; Lewinski et al., 2005). In the present work, we extended this knowledge by a detailed analysis of how TI impacts viral transcription in latent cells. Although TI occurs regardless of the orientation of the two promoters, we studied TI phenomenon in two J-Lat cell lines with the same orientation of the host and viral promoters, which allowed us to detect and an
S we failed to detect any Sp1 at the PP5*/ 5'LTR junction or in the coding region of the HIV genome (Figure 5B, bars 1, 2, 5 and 6). Thus, the absence of Sp1 at the 5'LTR in untreated cells is a result of TI due to the actively transcribed PP5* gene. The finding that TNF- stimulation increased the levels of Sp1 not only at the 3' but also at the 5'LTR indicates that stimulating PIC assembly on the
Y i is given by:Verguet Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 2013, 11:1 http://www.resource-allocation.com/content/11/1/Page 3 ofTable 1 Cost parameters for the male circumcision interventionIntervention Initial investment per circumcision facility CF Initial training per circumciser CT Salary of each circumciser CC Salary of health care workers/counselors per circumciser Cost of supplies pe
One (Figure 7D, bars 2 and 6) and in combination with HMBA (Figure 7D, bars 3 and 7) or Tat (Figure 7D, bars 4 and 8) to levels in untreated cells (Figure 7D, bars 1 and 5). Interestingly, *mRNA levels decreased concomitantly with the increased activation of transcription from the 5'LTR in both cell lines. Probably, the formation of the PIC at the 5'LTR prevents elongating complex from the upstrea
Ost Microbe. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 November 03.Lenasi et al.PageWestern blotting 107 J-Lat or J-Lat shER cells were lysed in 0.8 ml of lysis buffer A (10 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.4], 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 1 NP-40, 0.1 protease inhibitor) for 40 min at 4 . Proteins in the lysates were separated on SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Western blotting was performed according to the standard pro
Me transcription through the provirus, since slight enrichment of elongating RNAPII in the HIV coding region of transcriptionally silent J-Lat 9.2 cells was observed using ChIPqPCR assay. However, transcription originating from the host promoter, ignoring pA sites in both LTRs and consequently splicing out the provirus together with the host intron (Han et al., 2004) is most likely less frequent t