O column totals due to missing data. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091513.tparticipants reported taking over 90 of study drug doses, drug was detectable in the blood specimens of only 50 of participants tested in a random subsample.[13] Although we did not observe an effect of FTC/TDF even after accounting for drug levels, it may be that oral FTC/TDF will be shown to have an impact on HSV-2 incidenc
Archal system in Nigeria [13], often in juxtaposition in the form of matricentric structures [14], patriarchy remains the dominant ideology [15]. Furthermore, a recent United Nations Development report shows that gender inequality in Nigeria is fuelled by socio-cultural practices, patriarchy among other reasons [16]. The patriarchal system in Nigeria uses inheritance customs to place women at a re
Archal system in Nigeria [13], often in juxtaposition in the form of matricentric structures [14], patriarchy remains the dominant ideology [15]. Furthermore, a recent United Nations Development report shows that gender inequality in Nigeria is fuelled by socio-cultural practices, patriarchy among other reasons [16]. The patriarchal system in Nigeria uses inheritance customs to place women at a re
Unterparts. Our findings also showed how power differences permeate in the family, society and health care system. For instance, in the health care system, our study showed that women who go to hospital are sometimes required to inform their husbands before treatment can be given to them, as a way of guaranteeing the payment of hospital bills. This has implications for the care and support that wo
Hospital bills. Women with HIV/AIDS in particular are therefore in a disadvantaged position with regard to the care they receive. Conclusion: Despite the fact that men and women with HIV/AIDS suffer the same illness, clear disparities are apparent in the negative reaction women and men living with HIV/AIDS experience in society. We show that women's generally low status in society contributes to t
T among participants living in Peru (46.0 ), Brazil (37.8 ), and Ecuador (37.3 ), with lower prevalence among participants living in Thailand (6.4 ), South Africa (17.6 ), and the United States (27.1 ; P,0.001). Randomization group was not associated with HSV-2 prevalence at baseline (P = 0.44). In multivariable analysis, all factors remained significantly associated with HSV-2 prevalence with the
Used acyclovir or valacyclovir during study follow-up.HSV-2 prevalenceOf the 2,499 participants, 1383 (55.3 ) tested negative for HSV-2 at baseline, 892 (35.7 ) tested positive, 223 (8.9 ) had indeterminate tests, and one test was not done. Of the 223 with indeterminate tests at baseline, 114 (51.1 ) tested positive for HSV-2 infection at some point during follow-up. Factors associated with testin
O predict the probability of having detectable drug and the probability that the level of tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) in PBMCs was .16 fmol per million viable cells, the concentration associated with an estimated 90 reduction in HIV acquisition. [15] Drug levels were multiply imputed [16] for visits at which drug level testing was not conducted but the participant was still taking study drug,