The microglia signal transduction pathways mediating the neurotoxic response of Ab demonstrated that mitogen-activated protein-kinase (MAPK) superfamily members ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK act as mediators [95-97]. Furthermore, several lines of evidence indicate the NF-B in microglia is stimulated by b-amyloid [98,99]. Activation of NF-B can stimulate transcription of genes expressing TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6, m
S, a link between CD40 and microglia has been established. Upregulation of CD40 expression has been detected on microglia of HIV-1-infected brain tissues [28]. CD40L was also shown to potentiate the ability of HIV-1 Tat to activate monocytes and microglia leading to the overproduction of inflammatory proteins such as cytokines and chemokines [122]. Furthermore HAART is unable to modulate blood bra
Ycoprotein that is predominantly expressed by activated T cells, B cells, myeloid cells, and platelets. It has been well established that CD40L upregulates the immune response by leading to increased CD4+ T cell activation; an effect which promotes the replication of HIV in infected lymphocytes and immune cells [104] and also that robust CD40 ligation promotes an inflammatory and neurotoxic enviro
Ignificantly longer lives. While HAART has been increasing the lifespan of those infected with HIV, it has also led to an increased prevalence of HAD [32-38]. As the pathology of HAD, like Alzheimer's Disease (AD), is commonly characterized by an increase in the amount of amyloid-beta (Ab) peptide in the brain [39], evidence suggesting microglia modulate the clearance of potentially neurotoxic Ab
The microglia signal transduction pathways mediating the neurotoxic response of Ab demonstrated that mitogen-activated protein-kinase (MAPK) superfamily members ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK act as mediators [95-97]. Furthermore, several lines of evidence indicate the NF-B in microglia is stimulated by b-amyloid [98,99]. Activation of NF-B can stimulate transcription of genes expressing TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6, m