Pathways such as macropinocytosis which is the canonical pathway for EBOV entry. Our data indicate that MBL also mediates internalization of virus via macropinocytosis but suggests that MBL-mediated uptake preferentially utilizes microtubules compared with the canonical EBOV pathway which is dependent on both microtubules and actin. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060838.gcirculating C4 [88], we specula
E trade-offs with regards to costs and performance in people living with HIV. The cost-effectiveness of novel diagnostic algorithms that incorporate these new tools alone or in combination with each other and with conventional diagnostic modalities is unknown. Prior studies have suggested that Xpert replacement of smear-microscopy is cost-effective for diagnosis of pulmonary TB in the general popu
Is reduced [8]. By contrast, newly emerging urine tests for LAM may enhance diagnostic algorithms by offering additional diagnostic yield for HIV-associated TB [2,9?1]. Urinary LAM detection offers the benefit of evaluating non-respiratory samples and has additive value when combined with sputum smear microscopy in HIV-infected individuals with signs/symptoms of TB [2,9,10,12]. In HIV-positive adu
Sed written informed consent was provided by all study participants in the parent study. Study site, population, and diagnostic parameters This economic evaluation was conducted from a health-system perspective with a target population of HIV-infected individuals presenting with signs/symptoms of active TB disease in Uganda, including pulmonary, extrapulmonary, and disseminated forms of TB [15]. A
Inhibitor (which is involved in clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis) in 5 MBL-deficient serum in the absence or presence of rhMBL at 37uC for 1 hour. We then infected cells with HIV-EBOV-GP virion-like particles (1200 pg p24/100 ml). Percentages of infected cells are relative to DMSO controls (a methanol control was used for monensin). Luciferase values were adjusted for cell viability us
Inhibitor (which is involved in clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis) in 5 MBL-deficient serum in the absence or presence of rhMBL at 37uC for 1 hour. We then infected cells with HIV-EBOV-GP virion-like particles (1200 pg p24/100 ml). Percentages of infected cells are relative to DMSO controls (a methanol control was used for monensin). Luciferase values were adjusted for cell viability us
Infections using high level rhMBL (10 mg/ml) in 5 serum (i.e. diluted 20-fold). However, such a high concentration of rhMBL is considered supraphysiological if adjusted for the 20-fold dilution factor of serum. Although human MBL is produced primarily in the liver, extrahepatic MBL synthesis has been found in the gastrointestinal tract, middle ear fluid, and nasopharyngeal secretions. It is possi
In part, the evolutionary selection of MBL mutant haplotypes that encode low or intermediate MBL serum levels in the majority of humans.Supporting InformationFigure S1 RhMBL enhances HIV-EBOV GP infection in a calcium-dependent manner. We preincubated HIVEBOV-GP virion-like particles with rhMBL in 5 MBL-deficient serum and Veronal-buffered saline with or without calcium supplementation. *, ** and