Ination findings. Given the inhibition of HSV-2 replication observed after administration of tenofovir, it is biologically plausible that FTC/ TDF reduced the frequency or severity of ulcers. Unlike acyclovir, tenofovir does not require the presence of the herpes virus for drug activation, suggesting that it may suppress ulcers before phosphorylation occurs. However, topical dosing may be required
T among participants living in Peru (46.0 ), Brazil (37.8 ), and Ecuador (37.3 ), with lower prevalence among participants living in Thailand (6.4 ), South Africa (17.6 ), and the United States (27.1 ; P,0.001). Randomization group was not associated with HSV-2 prevalence at baseline (P = 0.44). In multivariable analysis, all factors remained significantly associated with HSV-2 prevalence with the
T among participants living in Peru (46.0 ), Brazil (37.8 ), and Ecuador (37.3 ), with lower prevalence among participants living in Thailand (6.4 ), South Africa (17.6 ), and the United States (27.1 ; P,0.001). Randomization group was not associated with HSV-2 prevalence at baseline (P = 0.44). In multivariable analysis, all factors remained significantly associated with HSV-2 prevalence with the
N of cRAI in the past three months being reported more frequently in the placebo arm (P = 0.01). Of the 1,383 participants who tested seronegative for HSV-2 at baseline, 36 (2.6 ) did not contribute person-time to incidence analyses because they were retrospectively found to be HIVinfected at baseline, tested seropositive for HSV-2 at the enrollment visit subsequent to screening, or were lost to f
No differences by randomization group in the proportion of participants with 1 STI examination during which a perianal ulcer (FTC/TDF 3.5 vs. placebo 4.7 , P = 0.37) or groin ulcer (FTC/TDF 2.5 vs. placebo 1.9 , P = 0.51) was identified; results were similar after excluding participants with a positive syphilis rapid plasma reagin test at the same visit. However, symptoms that prompted STI exam
T among participants living in Peru (46.0 ), Brazil (37.8 ), and Ecuador (37.3 ), with lower prevalence among participants living in Thailand (6.4 ), South Africa (17.6 ), and the United States (27.1 ; P,0.001). Randomization group was not associated with HSV-2 prevalence at baseline (P = 0.44). In multivariable analysis, all factors remained significantly associated with HSV-2 prevalence with the
Used acyclovir or valacyclovir during study follow-up.HSV-2 prevalenceOf the 2,499 participants, 1383 (55.3 ) tested negative for HSV-2 at baseline, 892 (35.7 ) tested positive, 223 (8.9 ) had indeterminate tests, and one test was not done. Of the 223 with indeterminate tests at baseline, 114 (51.1 ) tested positive for HSV-2 infection at some point during follow-up. Factors associated with testin
N of cRAI in the past three months being reported more frequently in the placebo arm (P = 0.01). Of the 1,383 participants who tested seronegative for HSV-2 at baseline, 36 (2.6 ) did not contribute person-time to incidence analyses because they were retrospectively found to be HIVinfected at baseline, tested seropositive for HSV-2 at the enrollment visit subsequent to screening, or were lost to f