S, a link between CD40 and microglia has been established. Upregulation of CD40 expression has been detected on microglia of HIV-1-infected brain tissues [28]. CD40L was also shown to potentiate the ability of HIV-1 Tat to activate monocytes and microglia leading to the overproduction of inflammatory proteins such as cytokines and chemokines [122]. Furthermore HAART is unable to modulate blood bra
Of IFN-gamma: role of JAK/ STAT1 signaling and implications for HIV-associated dementia. Brain Res 2006, 1123(1):216-25. 81. Giulian D, Haverkamp LJ, Li J, Karshin WL, Yu J, Tom D, Li X, Kirkpatrick JB: Senile plaques stimulate microglia to release a neurotoxin found in Alzheimer brain. Neurochem Int 1995, 27(1):119-37. 82. Tan J, Town T, Mullan M: CD45 inhibits CD40L-induced microglial activation
Of IFN-gamma: role of JAK/ STAT1 signaling and implications for HIV-associated dementia. Brain Res 2006, 1123(1):216-25. 81. Giulian D, Haverkamp LJ, Li J, Karshin WL, Yu J, Tom D, Li X, Kirkpatrick JB: Senile plaques stimulate microglia to release a neurotoxin found in Alzheimer brain. Neurochem Int 1995, 27(1):119-37. 82. Tan J, Town T, Mullan M: CD45 inhibits CD40L-induced microglial activation
Vioral complications [66-69]. Microglia, as a major target of HIV-1 infection in the CNS, are typically a viral reservoir [70-72] and are also key in HIV-1 neuroinvasiveness-penetration into the CNS by the virus [72,73]. Most importantly, a discrepancy between the localization of HIV-infected cells and the severity of neurocognitive symptoms has been described [74-76]. Thus, other mechanisms secon
Vioral complications [66-69]. Microglia, as a major target of HIV-1 infection in the CNS, are typically a viral reservoir [70-72] and are also key in HIV-1 neuroinvasiveness-penetration into the CNS by the virus [72,73]. Most importantly, a discrepancy between the localization of HIV-infected cells and the severity of neurocognitive symptoms has been described [74-76]. Thus, other mechanisms secon
Ycoprotein that is predominantly expressed by activated T cells, B cells, myeloid cells, and platelets. It has been well established that CD40L upregulates the immune response by leading to increased CD4+ T cell activation; an effect which promotes the replication of HIV in infected lymphocytes and immune cells [104] and also that robust CD40 ligation promotes an inflammatory and neurotoxic enviro
In both dementias. The initial step in each disease differs. HAD is secondary to infection with HIV-1, while the exact cause of AD remains to be established. A common feature among both diseases is the interactions of microglia which promote a neurotoxic inflammatory environment. These interactions play significant roles in the initiation and continuation of the neurodegenerative process in each d
In both dementias. The initial step in each disease differs. HAD is secondary to infection with HIV-1, while the exact cause of AD remains to be established. A common feature among both diseases is the interactions of microglia which promote a neurotoxic inflammatory environment. These interactions play significant roles in the initiation and continuation of the neurodegenerative process in each d