Es into brain and lymph nodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93(2):700-4. Kure K, Weidenheim KM, Lyman WD, Dickson DW: Morphology and distribution of HIV-1 gp41-positive microglia in subacute AIDS encephalitis. Pattern of involvement resembling a multisystem degeneration. Acta Neuropathol 1990, 80(4):393-400. Gullotta F, Kuchelmeister K, Masini T, Ghidoni P, Cappricci E: [The morphology of HIV ence

Of IFN-gamma: role of JAK/ STAT1 signaling and implications for HIV-associated dementia. Brain Res 2006, 1123(1):216-25. 81. Giulian D, Haverkamp LJ, Li J, Karshin WL, Yu J, Tom D, Li X, Kirkpatrick JB: Senile plaques stimulate microglia to release a neurotoxin found in Alzheimer brain. Neurochem Int 1995, 27(1):119-37. 82. Tan J, Town T, Mullan M: CD45 inhibits CD40L-induced microglial activation

Of IFN-gamma: role of JAK/ STAT1 signaling and implications for HIV-associated dementia. Brain Res 2006, 1123(1):216-25. 81. Giulian D, Haverkamp LJ, Li J, Karshin WL, Yu J, Tom D, Li X, Kirkpatrick JB: Senile plaques stimulate microglia to release a neurotoxin found in Alzheimer brain. Neurochem Int 1995, 27(1):119-37. 82. Tan J, Town T, Mullan M: CD45 inhibits CD40L-induced microglial activation

E sCD4 concentrations that are required to elicit shedding are significantly higher than those required to neutralize the virus [25,26]. In addition, for some HIV-1 strains, the temperature dependence of sCD4-induced gp120 shedding and virus neutralization differs [26]. The mode of sCD4-mediated inhibition thus remains incompletely understood. Targeting the functionally important and therefore con

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Ine for drug testing. Plasma was stored at a central repository for resistance testing. We monitored adherence with electronic pill bottle monitors (MEMS 6 TrackCap, AARDEX Group, Ltd., Sion, Switzerland) for the first 2 months after subjects started antiretroviral therapy (ART). We selected a single medication for monitoring according to the following hierarchy: dosed most frequently, combination

D role functioning (perfect score = 100) favoured the CXT arm (median change HAART = 0, CXT = +17; p=0.011). Improvement in pain (perfect score = 0, median change HAART = -16.7, CXT = -33.3; p=0.1) and overall QOL (median change HAART = 12.5, CXT = 16.7; p=0.08) were also greater in the CXT arm. Comparisons between arms were not statistically significant.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manu

Es would most likely not have been affected. The measures of immune activation were not assessed at enrollment into the study cohort, and we therefore cannot make temporal inferences of a causal nature nor could we control for them in the multivariable Cox models. We used prevalence rate ratios (PRRs) to estimate the associations of interest as risk was our parameter of interest. We chose PRRs as